What Is a Dental Abscess?
A dental abscess is a pocket of pus that develops due to bacterial infection. The infection can occur in different parts of the tooth or surrounding gum tissue, and symptoms can range from mild discomfort to significant pain and swelling.
There are two main types of dental abscess:
- Periapical abscess: Forms at the tip of the tooth root, typically resulting from untreated decay or trauma that has allowed bacteria to reach the pulp (nerve) of the tooth.
- Periodontal abscess: Develops in the gum tissue, often associated with gum disease or trapped debris in the pocket between tooth and gum.
Both types require professional dental assessment and treatment. Without intervention, a dental abscess will not resolve on its own and may lead to complications.
Common Causes of a Tooth Abscess
Dental abscesses develop when bacteria gain access to the inner structures of a tooth or the surrounding gum tissue. Only a dental professional can determine the specific cause following examination.
Untreated Tooth Decay
When cavities are left untreated, bacteria can progress through the enamel and dentine to reach the pulp, leading to infection and abscess formation.
Cracked or Broken Teeth
Fractures in teeth can create pathways for bacteria to enter the inner tooth structure, potentially resulting in infection.
Gum Disease
Advanced periodontal disease can cause pockets between teeth and gums where bacteria accumulate, sometimes leading to periodontal abscesses.
Failed or Leaking Dental Work
Old fillings, crowns, or other restorations that have become damaged or no longer seal properly may allow bacteria to enter the tooth.
Previous Dental Trauma
Injuries to teeth—even from years ago—can sometimes lead to pulp death and subsequent infection, even if the tooth appeared to heal initially.
Signs and Symptoms of a Dental Abscess
The symptoms of a dental abscess can vary in severity. Some people experience intense pain, while others may have more subtle signs. Common symptoms include:
Persistent or Throbbing Toothache
Pain that may be constant, throbbing, or sharp, often worsening over time.
Sensitivity to Pressure or Heat
Discomfort when biting down or when consuming hot foods and drinks.
Swelling of Gums, Face, or Jaw
Visible swelling near the affected tooth, which may extend to the cheek or jaw.
Bad Taste or Discharge
An unpleasant taste in the mouth, sometimes with visible pus if the abscess drains.
Fever or Feeling Unwell
General malaise, raised temperature, or feeling systemically unwell.
Difficulty Chewing
Pain or discomfort when eating, particularly when pressure is applied to the affected area.
When a Dental Abscess Needs Urgent Dental Assessment
While all dental abscesses should be professionally assessed, certain symptoms suggest that evaluation should not be delayed. Consider seeking prompt dental care if you notice:
- Pain or swelling that is increasing rather than improving
- Facial swelling or noticeable asymmetry
- Fever or other systemic symptoms such as fatigue or chills
- Difficulty opening the mouth fully or swallowing
- Pain spreading beyond the original tooth to the jaw, ear, or neck
These signs may indicate that the infection requires timely professional attention.
How Dentists Diagnose a Dental Abscess
Diagnosing a dental abscess involves a systematic examination to identify the source and extent of infection:
- Clinical examination: The dentist will examine the affected area, checking for swelling, tenderness, and signs of infection. They may gently tap on teeth to identify sensitivity.
- Dental X-rays: Radiographs help visualise infection at the tooth root, bone loss, and the extent of any abscess that may not be visible externally.
- Treatment planning: Once the source is identified, the dentist will discuss appropriate treatment options based on the severity and location of the abscess.
This thorough assessment ensures that treatment addresses the underlying cause of infection.
Treatment Options for Dental Abscesses
Treatment for a dental abscess depends on the severity, location, and cause of the infection. Following professional assessment, management may include:
Drainage of Infection
The dentist may make a small incision to drain pus from the abscess, relieving pressure and allowing healing to begin.
Root Canal Treatment
If the infection originates from within the tooth pulp, root canal treatment removes the infected tissue while preserving the tooth structure.
Tooth Extraction
When a tooth is too damaged to be saved or infection is extensive, extraction may be the most appropriate option to eliminate the source of infection.
Antibiotic Prescription
When clinically indicated—particularly if infection is spreading—antibiotics may be prescribed alongside, not instead of, dental treatment.
It's important to understand that antibiotics, when prescribed, support dental treatment but do not replace it. The source of infection must be addressed for complete resolution.
Professional Care for Dental Abscesses
A dental abscess requires professional assessment to identify the source of infection and determine the safest and most effective treatment approach. Early intervention often allows for more conservative treatment options.
Depending on your situation, you may benefit from urgent dental assessment to address acute symptoms. Treatment may include root canal treatment to preserve the affected tooth, or in some cases, tooth extraction may be considered if the tooth cannot be saved. Our general dental treatment options can address the underlying causes of infection.
Assessment and treatment for dental abscesses is available at our South Kensington dental clinic.
Can a Dental Abscess Heal on Its Own?
A dental abscess will not heal without professional treatment. While symptoms may fluctuate— with pain sometimes decreasing if the abscess drains spontaneously—the underlying infection remains present.
The bacteria causing the abscess continue to exist within the tooth or gum tissue. Without treatment to remove the source of infection, the abscess is likely to return, often with increased severity. There is also a risk of the infection spreading to other areas.
If you have had symptoms that have seemingly improved, it remains advisable to have the area assessed. A dentist can determine whether ongoing infection is present and recommend appropriate treatment to prevent recurrence.
Preventing Dental Abscesses
Many dental abscesses are preventable with good oral health habits and regular dental care:
- Attend regular dental check-ups to identify decay and gum disease early
- Seek prompt treatment for cavities before they progress deeper into teeth
- Have damaged or worn fillings and crowns assessed and replaced when needed
- Maintain good daily oral hygiene with twice-daily brushing and interdental cleaning
- Address dental injuries promptly, even if symptoms seem minor initially
